Mussels

Aquaculture (and fisheries) certification and labelling programmes have become a primary tool to address sustainability issues of farmed seafood, and the development of third party assessment and certification has provided new forms of governance traditionally dominated by state-based regulation^{1, 2}. The growth in the number of certification schemes has led to confusion surrounding the myriad of them out there. To try and combat this, the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (GSSI)¹ has developed its global benchmarking tool to measure and compare certification schemes and standards performance across seafood production.

Given the prominence of environmental issues as the driver for the development of aquaculture standards, there is an understandably strong emphasis on environmental criteria within them³. Certification enables aquaculture producers to voluntarily demonstrate their responsible farming practices by: complying with national legislation; minimising impact on habitats and wildlife; making the best use of locally available resources; and ensuring the best use of feed and therapeutic products.

Aquaculture certification currently has moderate to high coverage of labour standards (e.g. minimum wage)³, however, increased social and economic requirements related to human rights, gender and sustainable livelihoods are being developed.

Since 2011, a partnership of UK businesses called the Sustainable Seafood Coalition (SSC)⁴ have been working to ensure all fish and seafood sold in the UK comes from sustainable sources, and aquaculture certification plays a pivotal role. All members need to ensure that the aquaculture source (considering feed mills, hatcheries, and farm sites) is certified under a third party standard, or audited to a members own good aquaculture standard or code of practice⁵.

The table below looks at some of the major aquaculture certification schemes, including those for pangasius, and if they address the Key Considerations highlighted throughout the profiles. It also highlights which scheme has a standard/s successfully benchmarked by the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (GSSI)¹.

Read more on aquaculture certification after the table. 

Certified Aquaculture Production

Production of certified seafood, both aquaculture and wild catch, has grown rapidly over the past decade and now represents a significant portion of global seafood production. Certified sustainable seafood in 2003 equated to some 500,000 tonnes (0.5% of global production); in 2015 this figure had risen to 23 million tonnes (14% of global production). Some 80% of certified seafood is wild catch, but certified aquaculture is growing twice as fast and is set to dominate growth in certified seafood for the foreseeable future³.

In 2015, certified aquaculture accounted for 6.3% of world aquaculture production. Of this 6.3%, seven species groups were dominant (i.e. salmon, pangasius, mussels, tilapia, prawns, trout and sea bream) and accounted for 97%³. This relatively low global level of certified aquaculture and the narrow range of species groups, is largely due to:

• China’s dominance in global aquaculture but its relative absence in certified production
• 70% of all global production coming from small-scale producers

Certification of small-scale aquaculture continues to be an issue, mainly due to the cost and difficulties in complying with standards; key challenges include finance, technical knowledge and organisational capacity. Educating small-scale farmers on how to comply, as well as identifying national policy and regulatory gaps supporting small-scale aquaculture certification, is becoming ever more necessary⁶. Multiple-farm or ‘cluster’ certification may be a way forward for small-scale producers.

Four schemes are responsible for the majority of certified aquaculture production, namely the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Global Aquaculture Alliance Best Aquaculture Practice (GAA BAP), GlobalG.A.P. (GG), and Friend of the Sea (FoS)³.

Certified Mussel Production

In 2015, farmed bivalves accounted for 8% of certified aquaculture globally, and this was dominated by certified mussels³.

Figures provided by the certification schemes themselves and relating to their totals of certified farmed mussels/bivalves break down into:

• ~300,250 tonnes of mussels specifically under FoS (as of June 2019)⁷
• 80,404 tonnes of ‘mollusk’ (which includes mussels) under the GAA BAP Farm Standard (as of June 2019)⁸
• 145,961 tonnes of ‘bivalves’ (which will include mussels) under ASC (as of July 2019)⁹
• Figure from GG is unavailable due to data privacy related to the number of certificate holders/producers under certification¹⁰

Enhanced Fishery Certification and Mussels

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)¹¹ fishery certification programs are available to all wild-capture fisheries, however those fisheries between pure wild-capture and pure aquaculture are also eligible. These are known as enhanced fisheries, e.g. capture-based mussel aquaculture where the mussel seed is caught from the wild¹². Globally, at least 525,549 tonnes of mussels are currently MSC certified¹³.